
After World War II, much was heard of “the European idea.” Essentially, this meant the idea of European unity, at first confined to western Europe but by the beginning of the 1990s seeming able at length to embrace central and eastern Europe as well. These questions have acquired new importance as Europe has come to be more than a geographic expression. If the Ural Mountains mark the eastern boundary of Europe, where does it lie to the south of them? Can Astrakhan, for instance, be regarded as European? The questions have more than merely geographic significance. The greatest uncertainty lies to the east, where natural frontiers are notoriously elusive. Even now, some question whether Malta or Cyprus is a European island. Yet, to the Roman Empire, this was mare nostrum (“our sea”), an inland sea rather than a frontier. To the south, Europe ends on the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. To many British and some Irish people, however, “Europe” means essentially continental Europe. To outsiders, they seem clearly part of Europe. Its western frontiers seem clearly defined by its coastline, yet the position of the British Isles remains equivocal. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. History of Europe, history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present.

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